The Perturbation Complexity Index-State Transitions (PCI^(ST)) measures the complexity of the brain's response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using electroencephalography (EEG) and is sensitive to consciousness, such as minimally conscious states. Individuals with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) show dysfunction of conscious processes, such as attention, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function, with relatively spared unconscious processes, such as procedural...

BackgroundThe Predict REcovery Potential-2 (PREP2) prediction tool uses clinical assessments and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) within 1 week post-stroke to predict individuals' upper limb functional outcome at 3 months (3M) post-stroke. PREP2 was successfully implemented in clinical care at Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand in 2017.ObjectiveThe primary aim was to evaluate the accuracy of PREP2 predictions made by clinicians during routine clinical care, with a threshold of 70%...

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling feature of Parkinson's Disease (PD) with unclear underlying pathophysiology. Evidence from multimodal neuroimaging studies suggests that complex interactions between cortical and subcortical areas may occur in FOG. While noninvasive neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), can effectively modulate large-scale networks involved in FOG, the development of noninvasive neuromodulation interventions is limited by an incomplete...

Personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) increasingly relies on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to select stimulation sites, yet most pipelines depend on user-defined thresholds and atlas masks, which can shift individualized targets. We propose a watershed-based approach, implemented in a graphical user interface, that performs threshold-independent segmentation of functional images to support rTMS target localization. As a proof-of-concept, we...

Understanding causal interactions between cortical and subcortical brain regions is critical for mapping human functional connectivity. While non-invasive methods such as fMRI and diffusion imaging have provided valuable insights into brain connectivity, these approaches remain correlational and cannot establish causal circuit mechanisms. Here, we aimed to generate reliable causal connectivity maps using interleaved single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with functional MRI (spTMS/fMRI)....

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that individuals with FHD may selectively recruit cerebellar sensorimotor circuits to modulate inhibition during movement of the non-symptomatic hand, though this pattern was not observed during movement of the symptomatic hand. The cerebellum may play a central role in adaptive motor control in FHD. Future work should leverage symptom-inducing tasks and alternative inhibitory markers to further clarify these mechanisms.

Lesion network mapping (LNM) is a neuroimaging framework that uses normative functional connectivity (FC) data to link heterogeneous brain lesions and functional alterations to brain networks implicated in neurological and psychiatric conditions. However, many of the networks identified by LNM and related methods appear to be highly similar across diverse conditions such as addiction, depression, psychosis and epilepsy. To understand this similarity, we re-examined the data from multiple LNM...

The evaluation of cortical inhibition (CI) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) has focused great attention in recent years. One of the most common procedures to assess such inhibition is the short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), a paired-pulse paradigm defined by the interstimulus interval (ISI). While SICI was initially defined and extensively used in studies targeting the motor cortex, its...

Recent endeavors to optimize the efficacy of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment have focused on locating individualized stimulation targets using functional connectivity derived from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans. Practically, this approach involves three main stages: target discovery, target localization, and treatment. As of now, each stage is typically conducted while participants are "at rest", meaning they are not performing a task or being...

Restless limbs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the limbs. Although it affects up to 10% of the general population, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Neurophysiological excitability testing may help elucidate mechanisms related to sensorimotor integration, axonal ion channel dysfunction and impaired neural inhibition. This study aimed to assess both CNS and PNS function by examining cortical, spinal and peripheral nerve...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used as an additional treatment for stroke recovery. Stroke is a major cause of disability in the UK, often leaving survivors with ongoing motor problems. There are different theories on motor recovery after stroke, with some suggesting that undamaged pathways in the brain help compensate for the damage, while others propose that the healthy side of the brain takes over the lost functions. Additionally, there is a model suggesting that the brain's...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, is widely employed in treating various neurological and psychiatric disorders due to its favorable safety and tolerability profile. While traditionally recognized for its role in motor control, accumulating evidence implicates the cerebellum in regulating non-motor functions, including cognition. Historically, TMS research predominantly targeted cortical brain regions. However, leveraging the functional and...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a severe condition that leads to permanent motor and sensory impairments, significantly affecting patients' quality of life. In recent years, neuromodulation techniques such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown promising results in promoting neural plasticity and functional recovery. However, the limitations of single-modality approaches have spurred the...

Previous research suggests that habit formation is associated with a decreasing control by the goal-directed system and increasing control of the habit-related brain systems. However, the causal contribution of these systems in human habit formation and expression remains unclear. In the current study, we applied 1-Hz inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the inferior parietal cortex (IPL) and the dorsal premotor cortex (PMC) to interfere with goal- and...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) engages brain networks for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), using either rhythmic (e.g., 10 Hz) or patterned (e.g., intermittent Theta Burst, or iTBS) stimulation protocols. The distinct effects of these protocols on brain function are not well understood. Sixteen subjects with MDD underwent a TMS-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) "interrogation" paradigm, in which a broad range of rhythmic and patterned stimulation frequencies...