CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide the first causal evidence for the direct involvement of the early visual cortex in trauma-memory intrusions. They highlight the visual system as a novel neuromodulation target for therapeutic intervention on PTSD.

CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that rPPS-tACS and tACS alone over M1 may modulate distinct neural populations underlying sensorimotor beta oscillations. Our combined stimulation with rPPS and beta tACS may be a useful approach for elucidating the diverse functional roles of these oscillations.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired connectivity in critical functional networks. This study investigated the effects of 20 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on brain network mechanisms in 25 patients with AD, including 17 in the TMS group and 8 in the sham group. We analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF) to quantify neural activity and identify regions of...

CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, our findings establish a structurally constrained framework for the spread of pathology underlying cortical atrophy in CUD, where initial perturbations propagate via structural connectome pathways to vulnerable regions shaped by neural activity and molecular landscapes.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging treatment for brain disorders, but its therapeutic mechanism is poorly understood. We developed a mouse model of rTMS with superior clinical face validity and investigated the neural mechanism by which accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (aiTBS), the first rapid-acting rTMS antidepressant protocol, reversed chronic stress-induced behavioral deficits. Using fiber photometry, we showed that aiTBS drives distinct...

Early detection of consciousness in critically ill patients with severe brain injuries can profoundly impact prognostication and clinical care decisions. Advanced multimodal protocols to detect signs of consciousness include standardized behavioral assessments, task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and task-based electroencephalography (EEG). However, these approaches have limited diagnostic sensitivity because patients may lack auditory function, attention, language, or other...

Implicit sequence and visuomotor skill learning is important for successful goal-directed behavior in everyday tasks. However, prior research has primarily relied on correlational methods to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of sequence and visuomotor skill learning. To evaluate the necessary contributions of different motor cortical regions to both types of skill learning, we enrolled 62 neurotypical adults (41 female, 21 male) and delivered spatiotemporally resolved single-pulse...

Psychedelics have robust effects on acute brain function and long-term behavior but whether they also cause enduring functional and anatomical brain changes is largely unknown. In an exploratory, placebo-controlled, within-subjects, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in 28 healthy, entirely psychedelic-naive participants, anatomical and functional brain changes are detected from one-hour to one-month after a single high-dose (25 mg) of psilocybin. Increases...

Hemispheric functional asymmetries are a key aspect of human brain organization. Revealing how causal manipulations of hemispheric (im)balances dynamically change pre- and post-synaptic GABA regulation, in terms of mean and variance changes, is essential to understand the plasticity of brain asymmetries in health and disease. This has direct implications for treatment approaches in stroke relying on interhemispheric inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation. We investigated...

CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize that while EEG complexity measures can capture baseline brain states relevant for neuromodulation to a certain degree, the inherent instability of single-session iTBS effects significantly constrains model generalizability and underscores the necessity of test-retest paradigm to avoid overly optimistic performance estimates. Future studies with multi-session and individualized stimulation protocols are urgently needed to better characterize...

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) positively affects post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). However, the optimal stimulation protocol remains unclear, possibly because of the lack of objective assessment methods. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of tDCS on the modulation of the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and its effects on brain function in patients with PSCI using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional near-infrared...

CONCLUSIONS: Habitual 24-hour movement behavior composition was primarily associated with baseline EF and prefrontal network organization, whereas acute neurocognitive responses to moderate-intensity exercise were largely preserved across behavioral compositions. These findings underscore the importance of considering daily movement context when interpreting individual differences in exercise-related neurocognitive responses.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that right OFC rTMS improves specific cognitive functions in FES, with cognitive benefits associated with symptom alleviation, supporting the right OFC as a promising target for cognitive intervention in FES.

Past research has provided conflicting evidence concerning whether emotional processing in the amygdala arises independent of selective attention to threat-related stimuli or instead depends on attentional resources and top-down voluntary control. Here, we combine repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the right frontal eye field (FEF) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine how perturbing top-down attentional control is associated with changes in...

CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving TMS exhibited relatively high social assets despite pronounced psychosocial burden associated with depression. Several self-reported psychosocial domains improved following treatment, including isolation/loneliness, difficulty with concentration, and ability to complete errands independently. These findings suggest that TMS may coincide with functional improvements beyond depressive symptom reduction and highlights opportunities to integrate supportive...