INTRODUCTION: Spatial memory relies on distributed hippocampal-cortical networks that are highly sensitive to modulation of excitability, connectivity, and synaptic plasticity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a promising tool to experimentally probe and therapeutically modulate these networks, although its effects on spatial memory remain heterogeneous.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful tool to investigate neurophysiology of the human brain and treat brain disorders. Traditionally, therapeutic TMS has been applied in a one-size-fits-all approach, disregarding inter- and intraindividual differences. Brain state-dependent EEG-TMS, such as coupling TMS with a pre-specified phase of the sensorimotor μ-rhythm, enables the induction of differential neuroplastic effects depending on the targeted phase. But this approach is still...

CONCLUSION: These findings establish the feasibility and physiological relevance of electronically controlled E-field steering using a modular coil array. This platform provides a scalable foundation for next generation mTMS systems supporting multifocal stimulation of distributed brain networks.

The primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) are critical for motor execution and planning, yet their distinct causal contributions to modulating the neural drive to muscles remain incompletely understood. To dissociate their roles, we applied low-frequency (1-Hz) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over M1, SMA, or a sham condition in 75 healthy participants and characterized the activity of single motor units from high-density EMG recorded during a sustained isometric...

CONCLUSIONS: Connectivity states indicated decreased task-related network stability in AD patients, which correlated with memory task performance. The findings support the neural efficiency hypothesis, which states that more efficient brain network optimization during tasks is linked to better performance.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings offer novel neurophysiological evidence suggesting that inhibitory rTMS targeting the ipsilateral motor cortex reduces PLP while concurrently normalizing interhemispheric motor map asymmetry. The results are consistent with a callosal disinhibition mechanism, whereby ipsilateral inhibition may facilitate adaptive reorganization of the deafferented hemisphere. The novel PCA-based bilateral mapping pipeline introduced here provides a quantitative framework for future...

CONCLUSIONS: Both TMS and fMRI results showed considerable inter-individual variability in S1 representations, fMRI having larger spatial variability compared to TMS.

CONCLUSIONS: SC-guided iTBS produced promising preliminary evidence of improved antidepressant response compared with 5-cm targeting, supporting sgACC-based connectivity-guided precision neuromodulation in depression.

CONCLUSION: This case suggests that 80 Hz SCS may be associated with concurrent improvement in consciousness and spasticity in patients with DoC following severe brain injury, accompanied by electrophysiological correlates of altered neural connectivity and corticospinal function.

Dizziness and vertigo are common and debilitating neurological symptoms among patients visiting the emergency department (ED). Possibly because the symptoms are not captured by standard stroke severity tools such as the NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), their network-level neuroanatomical correlates-particularly potential supratentorial contributions-remain incompletely characterized. Therefore, we aim to investigate the neuroanatomical substrates of post-stroke dizziness and...

Brain networks coordinate distributed neuronal assemblies to support cognition. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and neuronal oscillations are key substractes for state-gated learning rules that shape network coupling and cognitive operations; nonetheless, how STDP mechanisms interact with neuronal oscillations is largely unexplored in humans. Corticocortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) provides a noninvasive system-level model of associative timing rules by pairing dual-site...

Observing another person's action recruits the action observation network (AON). Evidence suggests that distinct AON pathways are engaged depending on action features, such as their transitivity or the movement's target; however, the spatiotemporal dynamics of these circuitries remain unclear and debated. In the present study, to further explore this aspect, healthy participants completed two experiments involving the passive observation of distinct grasping actions: intransitive (isolated...

The causal role of the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG) in inhibitory control has previously been identified at the behavioral level using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). To further explore the underlying neural mechanisms, we combined TMS with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in bilingual language switching. Results showed reduced asymmetric switching costs in RIFG activation following continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) compared to sham stimulation, while...

Current transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) practice uses fixed-percentage motor threshold dosing, conventionally 120% rMT, for depression treatment. Individual anatomical variability may result in substantially different cortical electric-Field (E-Field) strengths across patients. We used prospective real-time E-Field modeling to characterize individual TMS intensity requirements and examine associations with clinical outcomes. Twenty-eight subjects with major depressive disorder received...

CONCLUSIONS: Neuroimaging biomarkers derived from EEG and fMRI provide critical insight into the mechanisms and variability of NIBS-induced neuroplasticity. Integrating these biomarkers into a unified framework enables stratification of patients and supports the development of precision neuromodulation strategies in stroke rehabilitation. Future research should prioritize large-scale validation and the implementation of biomarker-driven, adaptive stimulation paradigms.