CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide direct evidence that clinical brain stimulation protocols induce long-term modulation of cortical excitability, with low-frequency stimulation broadly suppressing activity and high-frequency stimulation preferentially inhibiting GABAergic neurons after stimulation.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review indicates that both EA and MA could effectively and safely enhance CSE, bringing the corticospinal pathway closer to the threshold for firing, which may ultimately improve motor function. LI4, ST36, LI11, TE5 and GB34 are the most commonly used acupoints. Please cite this article as: Liu R, Moe AAK, Liu W, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S. Does acupuncture at motor-related acupoints affect corticospinal excitability? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Integr Med....

CONCLUSIONS: We identified significant relations among OSA, EPVS, and CI. The AHI is a potential marker for estimating cognitive function in patients with EPVS.

Attempts have been made to modulate motor sequence learning (MSL) through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, targeting different sites within the sensorimotor network. However, the target with the optimum modulatory effect on neural plasticity associated with MSL remains unclarified. This study was therefore designed to compare the role of the left primary motor cortex and the left supplementary motor area proper (SMAp) in modulating MSL across different complexity levels and for both...

CONCLUSIONS: The study highlighted specific features of exercise-induced central fatigue. Post-exercise, the primary motor cortex became hyperexcitable, possibly as a compensatory response to peripheral fatigue. A complex network of cortical areas involved in cognition and behavior was hyperactivated, likely reflecting awareness of fatigue and self-protection decision-making processes. These changes were reversible, allowing subjects to return to baseline conditions.

INTRODUCTION: Brain network dysfunction, particularly within the default mode network (DMN), is an increasingly apparent contributor to the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can target key DMN hubs, maintain signaling function, and delay or improve clinical outcomes in AD. Here, we present the rationale and design of a study using off-the-shelf equipment and the latest clinical evidence to expand on prior rTMS work and reduce...

Age-related reductions in cerebellar integrity predict motor impairments in older adults (OA), but the contribution of cerebro-cerebellar interactions to these impairments remains unclear. Understanding these interactions could reveal underlying mechanisms associated with age-related deficits in motor control. To explore this, twenty younger adults (YA) and twenty OA, all right-handed, participated in a dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol. Cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) was...

CONCLUSIONS: With low-to-moderate certainty, the evidence indicates that cNIBS, including tDCS and TMS, can improve balance in individuals with stroke. cNIBS is also a promising approach to facilitate gait and functional mobility in stroke survivors. Future studies should determine optimal stimulation protocols and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the treatment effects.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated that Active left DLPFC iTBS, delivered over approximately 2-weeks, was a safe and efficient intervention for AUD that promoted significantly reduced heavy drinking and improved clinical outcomes compared to Sham over 6-months post-iTBS. This study provides novel data to inform and power future larger-scale, multi-site clinical trials employing iTBS for AUD.

Exploring brain connectivity is made possible through the combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) signals. While previous research has investigated hemispheric asymmetries in signal propagation at the electrode space following occipital TMS, this work extends this exploration at the source level. The sources of the neural activity were reconstructed using EEG data and mapped into regions of interest. The TMS evoked potential (TEP) was estimated using...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is used to treat mental disorders and explore brain function via applied electromagnetic fields generated by a high current coil placed on the subject's scalp. While TMS has been in clinical use for decades, and continues to be a rapidly expanding therapeutic modality, there are still many unknowns regarding how stimulation parameters may affect treatment efficacy and how they may be optimized. One key parameter that is readily accessible is coil...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising tool in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. It employs the electromagnetic induction principle to induce electric fields in the targeted areas in the brain by generating alternating magnetic fields from the TMS coil. The brain structure is complicated and varies from person to person, which renders it difficult to improve the efficacy of TMS treatment. This work presents whether gender or age an important factor impacting...

Invasive deep-brain stimulation is increasingly being investigated as a treatment for neural disorders. A non-invasive alternative for deep-brain neuromodulation would likely broaden the range of application. However, existing techniques, such as transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation (TES, TMS), are limited in their depth of stimulation. In this work, we propose DeepFocus, a new minimally invasive approach for stimulation of the deep brain by inserting electrodes in nasal cavities in...

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been proposed to modulate neural activity through two primary mechanisms: entrainment and neuroplasticity. The current study aimed to probe both of these mechanisms in the context of the sensorimotor μ-rhythm using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to assess entrainment of corticospinal excitability (CSE) during stimulation (i.e., online) and immediately following stimulation, as well as neuroplastic...

CONCLUSION: Short-term tDCS and TMS are effective for reducing fatigue, pain, and depression in MS patients, with tDCS showing potential for home use and TMS for clinical settings. Cognitive improvements may require longer treatment durations or combined therapies.